Human cloning is an extremely controversial issue, and is regarded as both the greatest medical breakthrough of all time as well as a trespass into territory that is otherwise related to the infamous human experiments conducted by the German Nazi’s in WWII. Both sides present, at a first glance, valid arguments for their own opinions. The two are striving for what they believe to be the eventual betterment of mankind, through radically different lenses. The ones arguing for its development look towards the improvements in the standards of life that could occur, and the ones corroborating for its complete and utter ban claim the value of human life, of the clones especially, to be far superseding any benefit that we possibly gain from them. Some have put it that it is basically a standoff between religion and scientific advancement – it is the point at which humanity chooses whether or not to limit its skies or decline into depravity. This is where we decide whether or not to follow the serpent’s path, or stand tall protecting the values and morals that we have striven and died for in the past.
The reasons for human cloning can be separated into two major categories: Utility and Freedom.
Utility would include the more emphatically known benefits such as medical advancement and as a form to create the perfect human. It is the more material of the two, and, for the most part, presents benefits that would be advantageous the entirety of society, or at least the limited portion of which that has access to the resources needed for cloning. Particular persons can be quoted as saying: “It is the next step [towards the betterment of the human race].”
One large sub-category underneath Utility would be medical advancements. One point underneath this broad category may include further understanding about the characteristics and processes of human embryonic stem cells. These are one of the best choices for stem cells, as they can not only differentiate into almost any other kind of human cell, but can also self-multiply almost infinitely in a laboratory environment. Other alternatives are usually either more difficult to obtain, especially when one considers amniotic stem cells – which are only available through the amniotic fluid that is ‘ejected’ during the birth of an infant – or are limited to only a few specific types of cells. A hematopoietic stem cell (blood-forming cells located within bone marrow), for instance, cannot form other types of cells, such as nerve cells within the brain. Being the cells from which a new born infant is formed, human embryonic stem cells naturally have the capability to form any needed organ or tissue without the need for potentially damaged genetic material from the patient. Possible uses range diversely from a cure to baldness to the ability to grow organs or other specialized cell tissue. Doubtless, its introduction would bring great benefits to the standard of life and care to most individuals.
Embryonic stem cells, however, present a difficult issue. They require the destruction of a potential fetus, as they require the isolation of the inner cell mass of a human embryo. For the most part, it can be assumed that the genetic data for the fertilized embryo would be natural or free of any debilitating or life-threatening genetic deformities, as that would affect the produced organs or tissues as well. Under natural conditions, the embryo can be reasonably expected to develop into a fully formed and healthy infant. This fact that the fertilized embryo must, at the very least, be considered as a potential human being is the main struggling point between ethicists and the scientists promoting its use.
The human fertilized egg should be considered as a human being, though perhaps applicable to a more specialized set of rights due to its physical and mental capabilities at this point in its development. It is not simply capable of creating a human being – sperm cells and female eggs are both individually also capable of developing into a born infant – but is instead in the process of creating a human being. Given the right conditions, the fertilized embryo will result in a human being. Just like the development of infant into children, children into adolescents, and adolescents into adults – starting from the fertilized embryo, life, human life, has begun its process.
Doubtless, there will be accidents and failures that occur, but the fate of the fetus is not to be decided by any human power. Similar to how we embrace individual rights and freedoms for the mentally incapacitated and newly born infants, the same must be applied to the fetus. In addition, however less effective they are, there are alternatives to embryonic stem cells. There are large possibilities that we could learn some valuable information from how the human body reacts to pain and other data through vivisections or torture, but we dare traverse to that extent, do we? There is a developed principle that scientific research should not cross the point of which we would be degrading ourselves to savages. The same should apply should apply to any human being, including a possible one. The one that exists naturally as a consummation of love and devotion by two oppositely gendered individuals – the fertilized embryo.
Another benefit that revolves underneath the category for medical advancements would be a genetically-modified child, whose DNA may come from a combination of sources. Some argue that this would present many benefits, including giving infertile parents a chance at one of the most fulfilling of experiences in life, and other parents a chance to give their child a brighter future, themselves having genetic material that may or will result in defects and abnormalities within their child. The type of human cloning that is required for this particular purpose is currently extremely unstable, and not only within the relatively untested area with regard to humanity.
Even animal cloning is currently devastating in its failure rate. For an illustration of this, there were 273 failures in the attempt to create Dolly. In addition, there were a large number of “defective” clones. If we switch the terms around, and perhaps lower the numbers a bit as an optimistic look at our development of technology, there will still be a number of clones- humans – that will be born and will experience abnormalities. And since they are classified as human beings, without any debate, they will suffer through life.
Even for the ones that do come out physically and mentally healthy, there’s an extremely likely chance that society as a whole will reject them. History teaches us that we have discriminated those who are different. Racism is a horrendous example that one can only hope would be self-explanatory. But even in our modern society, aside from racism, there are social standards. There exist extensive amounts of bullying in schools, especially against those who are otherwise considered as not part of the norm.
Similarly, many would state that they would like their own personal clone, but they themselves would not wish to be the clone. Already, at the very least, we believe there to be an evident difference between the original human and the clone – seeing as the opinions of both are not equally interchangeable. Therefore, it can be reasonably estimated that clones would be affected harshly by these circumstances, drowning in depression by their outcast status and intense media popularity.
One final benefit of clones within the Utility category would be for mass-production means. Through modifications and selective picking of genetic material, the perfect human can be made for multiple applications. These can range from menial labor to even mass warfare, and would increase the productivity of our world dramatically. No longer would we, the original and natural humans, be subject to the lesser work that has plagued us for millennium – we could just create a new work force that, with the proper reeducation and discipline, could become essentially mindless slaves with no opinions of their own. If one can see the evident wrong within the last statement, one can also see the problems that exist within cloning for means of doing a job that we would otherwise not enjoy doing. By doing so, we have inadvertently placed ourselves as a superior being than to the slaves, which is something that is perhaps the complete opposite of what we try to achieve within our post-modern world; equality.
Even for the creation of the perfect being, we are then acknowledging that there is some vital flaw within our current beings that forces us to wish to create something more superior, and to believe that it is the cure for humanity. Although our current state of civilization and technology seems to be advanced, there are still many mysteries unlocked about the effects of changing certain portions of DNA. We have only scratched the surface, and should we tamper with the DNA, we cannot accurately estimate the exact effects of such changes. There is much media and literature in regard to this, and though they usually exaggerate the possible effects, they paint an accurate picture. We, sincerely, do not know what we are tampering with when we alter the very code that is our existence. We cannot both acknowledge this and still create clones – there is a high opportunity for not only failure, but also an introduction of something that we do not even know or realize.
The other category for the benefits of human cloning is freedom. It is mainly the belief that, due to our cherishment of the autonomous society where all individuals are free to make their own choices, the simple banishment of an act should not be allowed. Instead, consequences should be made accordingly to the danger of that act. No third-party should be allowed by itself to determine what is right and what is wrong for its citizens or a specific group of people – they may be allowed to educate and present evidence proving their own conclusions, but cannot immediately assume that all the people underneath their legislation will agree. Therefore, they cannot enable legislature to force their conclusions.
This by itself presents many faults. Firstly, it would quite actually mean a lawless world. Education, religion, and, for now, general beliefs of society can help shape an individual’s beliefs to wish to benefit both themselves and the community around them. Inevitably, however, as humans as a race are naturally susceptible to their natural urges and education systems are usually underfunded, there will be a small population whose opinions would otherwise be considered as harmful to the society around them. An example of this could include a belief that any path to the fulfillment of a desire is justified.
Illustrations of this can apply in many serious scenarios, such as rape, murder, or narcotic intoxication. All otherwise destructive or self-damaging behavior. Currently, this group of people is kept to minimum through the safe-keeping of the government – it introduces legislature that present a specific standard of justice in order to protect its innocent and correct (or remove) its more damaging bodies. Should this upholder of previously argued and proved justice be removed, one can accurately imagine a world spiraling down back into the barbaric men from whence we came. There will be persons who will contest all the previously established regulations, and arguing underneath this autonomy, those pillars of greatness shall crash to the ground. Everything shall be allowed, and as more and more fall victim to the more physical desires, we shall lose everything that we’ve striven for. There will be rapes, murders, thefts, and other hideous crimes, though on a much greater scale. Our race shall end.
In addition, it is a self-contradictory belief when placed into the context of human cloning. We have defined the starting point for human life as the fertilization of the embryo. As such, since that point, a human has its own autonomy, and therefore should be given to opportunity to decide for itself whether or not it wishes to sacrifice its life and provide risky opportunities for therapeutic purposes. It is recognized that this is otherwise impossible, as that human does not, at that stage, have the sufficient capabilities to fully understand the entirety of situation and communicate its answer. Therefore, we cannot justifiably allow human cloning, as it would mean that we should clone with the knowledge that there would be a multitude of deaths, far outweighing the potential humanitarian benefits that anything could achieve.
In summary, human cloning is unjustifiable. The few benefits of Utility that do occur cannot possibly outweigh the loss of human life. In addition, it would degrade the dignity and value of human life, as it would suppose that material benefits could be truly compared to a human life. The arguments under the category of Freedom do not put up any true support at all, being weak and, overall, destructive to civilization if allowed. There is simply nothing that can compare against the sacred quality of humanity, and possibly justify destroying one of its members. The question is whether or not we can choose the path of justice over the cliff of depravity. The choice lies with ordinary citizens like you – what shall we value more: ignorance, or the truth?